北黄海水体的^224 Ra     

门武  刘广山  陈敏  黄奕普 《台湾海峡》2010,29(1):47-57

用锰纤维富集-射气法测量了北黄海水体的^224 Ra，研究了该海域夏季和冬季2个季节^224 Ra比活度及其垂直分布，并对其进行了比较研究．北黄海夏季^224 Ra 比活度为0．24—3．48Bq／m2，平均值为1．14Bq／m2；冬季^224 Ra比活度为0．37～6．68Bq／m2，平均值为0．94Bq／m2．北黄海的表层水有3个^224 Ra 高值区，分别位于东北部海域、渤海海峡南部和北黄海中北部海区．30m水深将^224 Ra比活度的垂直分布分成上层和下层2层．在0～30m水层，夏季，随着水深增加^224 Ra比活度逐渐增加，比活度变化较小；冬季部分站位由表层向下^224 Ra比活度逐渐降低．30m水深以下，^224 Ra比活度随着水深的增加而增加，而且变化幅度较大．由^224 Ra比活度的垂直分布得出该海域的垂直涡动扩散系数为2．5～43．5cm2／s，夏季北黄海冷水团中心海域底层溶解态化学物质输运补给到上层所经历的时间为9～15d左右．  相似文献   

Nutrient transport from an artificial upwelling of deep sea water     

Nicholas Williamson  Atsuki Komiya  Shigenao Maruyama  Masud Behnia  Steve W. Armfield 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(3):349-359

The transport of nutrient-rich, deep sea water from an artificial upwelling pipe has been simulated. A numerical model has been built within a commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) package. The model considers the flow of the deep sea water after it is ejected from the pipe outlet in a negatively buoyant plume (densimetric Froude number = −2.6), within a stably stratified ocean environment subject to strong ocean current cross flow. Two cross-flow profiles were tested with momentum flux ratios equal to 0.92 and 3.7. The standard k-ε turbulence model has been employed and a range of turbulent Schmidt and Prandtl numbers tested. In all cases the results show that the rapid diffusion of heat and salinity at the pipe outlet causes the plume to attain neutral buoyancy very rapidly, preventing strong fountain-like behavior. At the higher momentum flux ratio fountain-like behavior is more pronounced close to the pipe outlet. The strong cross-current makes horizontal advection the dominant transport process downstream. The nutrient plume trajectory remains largely within one relatively thin stratified layer, making any ocean cross-flow profile less important. Very little unsteady behavior was observed. The results show that the nutrient is reduced to less than 2% of its inlet concentration 10 meters downstream of the inlet and this result is largely independent of turbulent Prandtl or Schmidt number. Initial results would suggest that if such an artificial upwelling were to be viable for an ocean farming project, a large number of upwelling pipes would be necessary. Further work will have to determine the minimum nutrient concentration required to sustain a viable phytoplankton population and the required spacing between upwelling pipes.  相似文献   

Quasiperiodic small meanders of the Kuroshio off Cape Ashizuri and their inter-annual modulation caused by quasiperiodic arrivals of mesoscale eddies     

Motohiko Kashima  Shin-Ichi Ito  Kaoru Ichikawa  Shiro Imawaki  Shin-Ichiro Umatani  Hiroshi Uchida  Takashi Setou 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(1):73-80

A quasiperiodic variation of 100–110 days in the Kuroshio path off Cape Ashizuri, resulting from the passage of small meanders, was detected by observation with moored current meters during 1993–1995. TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data covering 9 years showed that the quasiperiodic variation period was not persistent and modulated twice, with a ∼110-day period from mid-1993 to late 1996, a ∼150-day period from late 1996 to mid-1999, and a ∼110-day period from mid-1999 to late 2001. The quasiperiodic variations of the Kuroshio path migration were contemporaneous with the quasiperiodic arrivals of mesoscale eddies from the east along 27–32°N over the same ∼110- and ∼150-day period quasiperiodic variations. The periodic arrivals of the eddies configure the periodic variations of the Kuroshio path and its inter-annual modulation.  相似文献   

含有格点势的一维Fibonacci链热传导性质的研究     

徐慧  崔麦玲  马松山 《海洋学报》2010,32(10):7266-7270

用传输矩阵的方法,研究了格点势(on-site势)对一维Fibonacci链的热传导性质(透射系数、Lyapunov指数及热导率κ)的影响.研究结果表明:当固定原子质量比和力作用常数比时,随着格点势的增大,低频区域的透射系数减小,对应的Lyapunov指数增大,透射谱向高频方向移动.同时,格点势越大,同样大小的体系对应的κ越小,当格点势足够大时,κ会趋近零.在热导率κ对振动频率ω²作图中,κ呈现台阶式缓慢上升的趋势,且在高频  相似文献   

Importance of eddy representation for modeling the intermediate salinity minimum in the North Pacific: Comparison between eddy-resolving and eddy-permitting models     

Ichiro Ishikawa  Hiroshi Ishizaki 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(3):407-426

In order to confirm the results of the authors’ previous work, which found that the existence of disturbances smaller than meso-scale eddies is important in large-scale mixing process between the Oyashio and Kuroshio waters in the intermediate layer, the results of an eddy-resolving model experiment are analyzed and compared with those of an eddy-permitting model. The intermediate salinity minimum given in the initial condition weakens as integration advances in the eddy-permitting model, while it recovers rapidly and is maintained thereafter in the eddy-resolving model, initialized from the unrealistic salinity distribution of the former. Filament-like fine structures in temperature and salinity develop actively in the latter, which are much smaller in horizontal width than meso-scale eddies, suggesting the importance of such disturbances in the large-scale mixing. The mixing ratio of the Oyashio water defined by the original Oyashio and Kuroshio waters shows that its value is generally higher in the intermediate lower sub-layer than in the intermediate upper sub-layer in the Mixed Water Region, and the salinity minimum exists between layers with low and high values of the mixing ratio with its strong vertical gradient. The eddy transports of the Oyashio and Kuroshio waters in an isopycnal layer are divided into four components, usual isopycnal mixing of temperature and salinity being dominant, followed by the component associated with the thickness flux. The southward eddy transport of the Oyashio water and the northward eddy transport of the Kuroshio water are not symmetric to each other because the thickness-flux-associated components are in the same direction (southward).  相似文献   

A semi-empirical method for predicting hydrological drought magnitudes in the Canadian prairies     

T.C. Sharma 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):549-569

Abstract

A hydrological drought magnitude (M _T ) expressed in standardized terms is predicted on annual, monthly and weekly time scales for a sampling period of T years in streamflow data from the Canadian prairies. The drought episodes are considered to follow the Poisson law of probability and, when coupled with the gamma probability distribution function (pdf) of drought magnitude (M) in the extreme number theorem, culminate in a relationship capable of evaluating the expected value, E(M _T ). The parameters of the underlying pdf of M are determined based on the assumption that the drought intensity follows a truncated normal pdf. The E(M _T ) can be evaluated using only standard deviation (σ), lag-1 autocorrelation (ρ) of the standardized hydrological index (SHI) sequence, and a weighting parameter Φ (ranging from 0 to 1) to account for the extreme drought duration (L _T ), as well as the mean drought duration (L_m ), in a characteristic drought length (L_c ). The SHI is treated as standard normal variate, equivalent to the commonly-used standardized precipitation index. A closed-form relationship can be used for the estimation of first-order conditional probabilities, which can also be estimated from historical streamflow records. For all rivers, at the annual time scale, the value of Φ was found equal to 0.5, but it tends to vary (in the range 0 to 1) from river to river at monthly and weekly time scales. However, for a particular river, the Φ value was nearly constant at monthly and weekly time scales. The proposed method estimates E(M _T ) satisfactorily comparable to the observed counterpart. At the annual time scale, the assumption of a normal pdf for drought magnitude tends to yield results in close proximity to that of a gamma pdf. The M _T , when transformed into deficit-volume, can form a basis for designing water storage facilities and for planning water management strategies during drought periods.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor C. Onof

Citation Sharma, T.C. and Panu, U.S., 2013. A semi-empirical method for predicting hydrological drought magnitudes in the Canadian prairies. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (3), 549–569.  相似文献   

南海冷涡区域SST及冷涡动能、有效重力位能对热带气旋的响应          下载免费PDF全文

朱海斌  尚晓东  陈桂英  徐驰 《热带海洋学报》2013,(2)

选择了12个个例,分析了冷涡区域海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)对热带气旋(tropical cyclone, TC)的响应。在TC的影响下,冷涡区域SST降低的最大值在2.7—9.15℃,冷涡平均降温1.35—5.89℃。冷涡SST降低与TC移动速度有很好的反向关联,移动速度越慢,冷涡SST降低越多。冷涡SST降低与TC平均最大风速有较好的正向关联,最大风速越大,冷涡SST降低越多。TC对冷涡的能量改变起着重要的作用,TC经过冷涡后,冷涡的动能(eddy kinetic energy, EKE)、有效重力位能(available gravitational potential energy, AGPE)有明显增长,并且EKE的增长小于AGPE的增长。TC作用前后EKE、AGPE的增长与冷涡区域SST降低的平均呈正向关联,表明在TC的影响下,冷涡的EKE、AGPE的改变能够反映SST降低的程度,或者说SST降低的多少能够反映冷涡EKE、AGPE改变的程度。  相似文献   

2000年秋季东沙冷涡的三维结构及其演化过程*   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

林夏艳  管玉平  刘宇 《热带海洋学报》2013,(2)

根据AVISO(Archiving Validation and Interpolation of Satellite Oceanographic Data)高度计资料,用区域海洋模式(ROMS)再现和分析了2000年9月4日—10月11日生命周期为36天的一个东沙冷涡过程。该冷涡的平均半径为77km,移动路程为487km。模式结果表明,该冷涡的平均移动速度为15cm·s?1,冷涡的移动方向几乎沿着1000—2000m陆坡等深线,除了地形的影响外,东北季风也对该冷涡移动方向的转换有作用。冷涡的形变与β效应有密切的关系,趋势是导致其形状为长轴位于东北-西南方向的椭圆。其次,对该冷涡的半径、涡度、能量密度、形变和散度等进行时间序列计算分析,得到其平均涡度为3.997×10?6s?1,平均能量密度为2.42×10?2cm2·s?2·km?2,涡度与半径具有近似正相关关系,而平均能量密度与半径呈负相关关系;平均的剪切形变、拉伸形变和散度的平均值分别为1.801×10?6s?1、4.612×10?7s?1、3.269×10?8s?1。数值结果表明,在这次东沙冷涡过程中,整个生命周期共出现过两种不同的三维结构,在生成阶段涡旋形状为表层和底部小、中间大的腰鼓状;成熟期为表层大、底部小的碗状;消亡阶段只能在表层看到信号。该东沙冷涡的深度在不同的生存阶段也不同,大部分时刻小于50m水深,但最深可达到水深450m处。最后,文中给出了速度、温度和盐度的垂向分布情况。其中,东沙冷涡的切向速度在40—50cm·s?1间,高值区位于水深小于100m处,在100—200m速度递减率较大;温度分布具有一个位于60—100m水深处的低温拱起结构,该冷涡造成了10—20m左右的等温线抬升;高盐核心的拱起结构比低温拱起结构更深,大致位于100—150m,高盐核心区盐度≥34.6‰。  相似文献   

理想台风驱动的涡旋对吕宋海峡黑潮影响的数值研究*   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

耿伍  何伟宏  邹晓理  谢强 《热带海洋学报》2013,(2)

吕宋海峡以东即北太平洋热带地区常年存在着大量的涡旋,这些涡旋在向西运动的过程中遇到吕宋海峡黑潮后是否会穿越黑潮进入南海值得研究。文章用数值模式来模拟吕宋海峡的黑潮以及吕宋海峡以东的众多涡旋,结果表明没有一个涡旋可以穿越吕宋海峡进入南海。在此基础上引入了一个理想台风风场,通过风应力旋度的形式驱动出强劲的气旋式和反气旋式涡旋,这两个涡旋分别添加在源区黑潮附近,也是在源区黑潮流量最小的8月。以往研究表明,黑潮流量小而涡旋强劲的时候涡旋容易穿越吕宋海峡进入南海,但由何种原因产生的涡旋可以穿越吕宋海峡难以确定;而文章的数值计算结果表明,即使在黑潮较弱的夏季8月,由风应力旋度产生的中尺度涡,无论是气旋式还是反气旋式,都受到了吕宋海峡的阻挡而难以穿越。  相似文献   

Circulation patterns in the Delagoa Bight,Mozambique, and the influence of deep ocean eddies     

《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):553-562

An investigation of the circulation patterns and thermohaline structures in the Delagoa Bight, Mozambique, was undertaken during May 2004, August 2004, April 2005, and April 2006, using hydrographic surveys, surface drifters and satellite imagery. Hydrographic and satellite data during May 2004 illustrated a cyclonic eddy centred at 26° S, 34.25° E in the Bight. A surface drifter remained trapped in this eddy for six weeks between 8 May and 20 June 2004 before moving southward in the Agulhas Current. During August 2004, the core of a cyclonic eddy was located south of the Bight, while no cyclonic eddy was observed during April 2005 or in April 2006. The Delagoa Bight eddy appeared to be more transient than previously thought. Important observations were the recurrent northward current (25–30 cm s^?1) occurring subsurface on the shelf, and the prominence of cooler upwelled water at various locations due to the interaction of passing eddies with the bottom topography of the Bight.  相似文献